ACADEMIC FIELD / अकादमिक क्षेत्र : Anthropology /मनुष्य जाति का विज्ञान

TOPIC/विषय: Taju Dance / ताजू नृत्य (타주춤)

COUNTRY / देश: India / भारत

WRITERS' NAME / समूह के सदस्यों का नाम : TANIYA SINGH , NIKITA YADAV, SUCHANA DUTTA/ निकिता, सुचना दत्ता, तानिया सिंह (WB1)

DATE/ तारीख :23.11.2023

BRIEF DESCRIPTION/संक्षिप्त विवरण:

             Taju Dance / ताजू नृत्य (타주춤)

It is one of the Buddhist ceremonial dances called Jakbeopmu . Two people holding tajuchae perform the Jakbeop dance with an octagonal wooden pillar representing the Eightfold Path (八正道) in the middle. The octagonal wooden pillar, called Baekchu or Baektu, has the eight practices of the Eightfold Path engraved on each side , and the word “One Heart” is written at the top. When dancing, the white weight is used, so it is called Taju dance in the sense of hitting the pillar [柱], and the person who dances Taju dance is also called Taju.The dance movements of Tajuchum are so monotonous that they cannot be called dances, but they have the characteristics of a unique religious ritual dance that moves toward enlightenment through polite and symbolic movements.

यह बौद्ध अनुष्ठानिक नृत्यों में से एक है जिसे जकबेओपमु कहा जाता है। ताजुचे धारण करने वाले दो लोग बीच में आठ गुना पथ (八正道) का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाले एक अष्टकोणीय लकड़ी के खंभे के साथ जकबीप नृत्य करते हैं। अष्टकोणीय लकड़ी के खंभे, जिसे बैक्चू या बैक्तु कहा जाता है, में प्रत्येक तरफ आठ गुना पथ की आठ प्रथाएं उत्कीर्ण हैं, और शीर्ष पर "वन हार्ट" शब्द लिखा हुआ है। नृत्य करते समय सफेद वजन का उपयोग किया जाता है, इसलिए इसे खंभे से टकराने के अर्थ में ताजू नृत्य कहा जाता है [柱], और जो व्यक्ति ताजू नृत्य करता है उसे ताजू भी कहा जाता है।ताजुचम की नृत्य गतिविधियाँ इतनी नीरस हैं कि उन्हें नृत्य नहीं कहा जा सकता है, लेकिन उनमें एक अद्वितीय धार्मिक अनुष्ठान नृत्य की विशेषताएं हैं जो विनम्र और प्रतीकात्मक आंदोलनों के माध्यम से ज्ञान की ओर बढ़ती हैं।

                     Taju Dance (타주춤) 

•Introduction:

It is one of the Buddhist ceremonial dances called Jakbeopmu . Two people holding tajuchae perform the Jakbeop dance with an octagonal wooden pillar representing the Eightfold Path (八正道) in the middle. The octagonal wooden pillar, called Baekchu or Baektu, has the eight practices of the Eightfold Path engraved on each side , and the word “One Heart” is written at the top. When dancing, the white weight is used, so it is called Taju dance in the sense of hitting the pillar [柱], and the person who dances Taju dance is also called Taju.

Tajuchum, a traditional Korean dance, is performed in a restaurant setting, similar to the butterfly dance. It involves monks offering bowls at Yeongsanjae, a ritualized event. The dance's basic procedure and meaning are similar to regular bowls, but with the addition of beompae and jakbeopmu. Tajuchum is performed at designated points, gradually moving towards Buddhahood. The attire is similar to the butterfly dance, with tajuchae carried instead of flowers and the taju dance included.

Taju dance is a form of expression that focuses on the Baekchu, a central figure in Buddhism. Two Taju dancers perform compositions centered on the Baekchu, symbolizing the progression of understanding Buddhism. The technique involves placing a white weight in the center and turning to the right, or striking it, symbolizing the gradual learning of Buddhism from ignorance. The repetition of this action signifies the stage of gradually learning from a state of ignorance. The timing and number of strikes are determined by the sound of the Dangjwa Temple and the Gwangsoe ring.

The Baekchu, a central figure in Buddhism, is a symbol of the essence of the teachings. The Baekchu is a symbol of the essence of the teachings, a concept that is central to the teachings of the Heart Sutra. The Baekchu is held by two masters, who perform the Taju dance while holding it. This signifies the realization of the principle of emptiness, which is the core of the Heart Sutra. The Taju dance involves tapping the upper part of the Baekchu with a Taju stick, demonstrating awareness of the principles of Buddhism. The Lotus Flower, a symbol of the proper state of affairs, is also a key aspect of the teachings. The main music of Samhyeonyukgak resonates to signal the achievement of two steps. The third Uyojab and Taju dance, Gwonban (勸飯), signifies the realization of the truth, indicating that one has not yet reached the stage of learning it. The butterfly dance, performed by the other masters, signifies the realization of the correct principles, like abandoning a raft after crossing a river. The bar dance, performed after the butterfly dance, symbolizes the joy of achieving enlightenment.

•Features and Significance:

The dance movements of Tajuchum are so monotonous that they cannot be called dances, but they have the characteristics of a unique religious ritual dance that moves toward enlightenment through polite and symbolic movements. With the Baekchu symbolizing the Eightfold Path at the center, the body movements and dance moves of Taju symbolize the steps toward enlightenment, revealing the reprimand and reflection on practice and the joy of Buddhism.

•References:

Balwoo offering, containing the spirit of Buddhism (Goo Mi-rae, Seoul Metropolitan Government Department of History and Cultural Heritage, 2014), Yeongsanjae (Sang-hyeon Sim, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, 2003), and a study on the establishment and rites of construction of Yeongsan-jae (Sang-hyeon Shim, Widuk University doctoral thesis, 2011).

                       ताजू नृत्य (타주춤)

•परिचय:

यह बौद्ध अनुष्ठानिक नृत्यों में से एक है जिसे जकबेओपमु कहा जाता है। ताजुचे धारण करने वाले दो लोग बीच में आठ गुना पथ (八正道) का प्रतिनिधित्व करने वाले एक अष्टकोणीय लकड़ी के खंभे के साथ जकबीप नृत्य करते हैं। अष्टकोणीय लकड़ी के खंभे, जिसे बैक्चू या बैक्तु कहा जाता है, में प्रत्येक तरफ आठ गुना पथ की आठ प्रथाएं उत्कीर्ण हैं, और शीर्ष पर "वन हार्ट" शब्द लिखा हुआ है। नृत्य करते समय सफेद वजन का उपयोग किया जाता है, इसलिए इसे खंभे से टकराने के अर्थ में ताजू नृत्य कहा जाता है [柱], और जो व्यक्ति ताजू नृत्य करता है उसे ताजू भी कहा जाता है।

ताजुचम, एक पारंपरिक कोरियाई नृत्य, तितली नृत्य के समान, एक रेस्तरां सेटिंग में किया जाता है। इसमें येओंगसंजाए में भिक्षुओं को कटोरे चढ़ाना शामिल है, जो एक अनुष्ठानिक कार्यक्रम है। नृत्य की मूल प्रक्रिया और अर्थ नियमित कटोरे के समान हैं, लेकिन बीओम्पाए और जकबेओपमू के अतिरिक्त के साथ। ताजुचुम का प्रदर्शन निर्दिष्ट बिंदुओं पर किया जाता है, जो धीरे-धीरे बुद्धत्व की ओर बढ़ता है। यह पोशाक तितली नृत्य के समान है, जिसमें फूलों के स्थान पर ताजुचाए पहने जाते हैं और ताजू नृत्य भी शामिल होता है।

ताजू नृत्य अभिव्यक्ति का एक रूप है जो बौद्ध धर्म में एक केंद्रीय व्यक्ति बैक्चू पर केंद्रित है। दो ताजू नर्तक बैक्चू पर केंद्रित रचनाएँ प्रस्तुत करते हैं, जो बौद्ध धर्म को समझने की प्रगति का प्रतीक है। इस तकनीक में केंद्र में एक सफेद वजन रखना और दाईं ओर मुड़ना, या उस पर प्रहार करना शामिल है, जो अज्ञानता से बौद्ध धर्म की क्रमिक शिक्षा का प्रतीक है। इस क्रिया की पुनरावृत्ति अज्ञानता की स्थिति से धीरे-धीरे सीखने की अवस्था को दर्शाती है। हमलों का समय और संख्या डांगज्वा मंदिर और ग्वांगसो रिंग की ध्वनि से निर्धारित होती है।

बैक्चू, बौद्ध धर्म में एक केंद्रीय व्यक्ति, शिक्षाओं के सार का प्रतीक है। बैक्चू शिक्षाओं के सार का प्रतीक है, एक अवधारणा जो हृदय सूत्र की शिक्षाओं के केंद्र में है। बैक्चू को दो उस्तादों द्वारा पकड़ा जाता है, जो इसे पकड़कर ताजू नृत्य करते हैं। यह शून्यता के सिद्धांत की प्राप्ति का प्रतीक है, जो हृदय सूत्र का मूल है। ताजू नृत्य में बौद्ध धर्म के सिद्धांतों के बारे में जागरूकता प्रदर्शित करते हुए, ताजू छड़ी के साथ बैक्चू के ऊपरी हिस्से को थपथपाना शामिल है। कमल का फूल, जो मामलों की उचित स्थिति का प्रतीक है, भी शिक्षाओं का एक प्रमुख पहलू है। सम्ह्योन्युकगाक का मुख्य संगीत दो चरणों की उपलब्धि का संकेत देने के लिए गूंजता है। तीसरा उयोजब और ताजू नृत्य, ग्वोनबन (勸飯), सत्य की प्राप्ति का प्रतीक है, यह दर्शाता है कि कोई अभी तक इसे सीखने के चरण तक नहीं पहुंचा है। अन्य उस्तादों द्वारा प्रस्तुत तितली नृत्य, सही सिद्धांतों की प्राप्ति का प्रतीक है, जैसे नदी पार करने के बाद बेड़ा छोड़ देना। तितली नृत्य के बाद किया जाने वाला बार नृत्य, आत्मज्ञान प्राप्त करने की खुशी का प्रतीक है।

•विशेषताएं और महत्व:

ताजुचम की नृत्य गतिविधियाँ इतनी नीरस हैं कि उन्हें नृत्य नहीं कहा जा सकता है, लेकिन उनमें एक अद्वितीय धार्मिक अनुष्ठान नृत्य की विशेषताएं हैं जो विनम्र और प्रतीकात्मक आंदोलनों के माध्यम से ज्ञान की ओर बढ़ती हैं। केंद्र में अष्टांगिक पथ के प्रतीक बैक्चू के साथ, ताजू के शरीर की हरकतें और नृत्य की चालें आत्मज्ञान की ओर कदमों का प्रतीक हैं, जो बौद्ध धर्म के अभ्यास और खुशी पर फटकार और प्रतिबिंब को प्रकट करती हैं।

•संदर्भ:

बलवू की पेशकश, जिसमें बौद्ध धर्म की भावना शामिल है (गू मि-राय, सियोल मेट्रोपॉलिटन सरकार का इतिहास और सांस्कृतिक विरासत विभाग, 2014), येओंगसंजे (सांग-ह्योन सिम, राष्ट्रीय सांस्कृतिक विरासत अनुसंधान संस्थान, 2003), और स्थापना पर एक अध्ययन और येओंगसन-जे के निर्माण के संस्कार (सांग-ह्योन शिम, विडुक विश्वविद्यालय डॉक्टरेट थीसिस, 2011)।

Topic: World Institute of Kimchi (Wikim)

Writer: Sumaira Rahman, Rokhsona Mondal, Madhumita Bodak, Aritra Mandal

Academic Field of Study: Humanities and Social Sciences

Short Explanation of the Article: This article provides information about the World Institute of Kimchi of South Korea. The structure of the institute along with its Missions and Functions is mentioned here. Furthermore, the Roles and Responsibilities carried out by the institute with the help of its advanced technology are also described in this article.

ABOUT THE WORLD INSTITUTE OF KIMCHI

The World Institute of Kimchi was established by the government of South Korea in the year 2010. It strives to accelerate the expansion of the Kimchi enterprises by developing essential technological advances, as well as to establish South Korea as the mother nation of Kimchi by emphasizing the scientific and cultural brilliance of Kimchi to nations around the globe.

Institute Structure

A government-sponsored research institute tied with the Ministry of Science and ICT's National Research Council of Science and Technology.

Grounds for Establishment

• Article 13 of the Kimchi Industry Promotion Act (World Institute of Kimchi)
• Article 8 of the Act on the Establishment, Operation, and Fostering of Government-funded Research Institutes in the Field of Science and Technology (Establishment of Research Institutes).

MISSION AND FUNCTIONS

• Conduct studies and ventures to improve Korea's reputation as the origin of kimchi and create a worldwide kimchi culture.
• Create high-quality Kimchi goods using a system which includes ingredients, production techniques, microorganisms and fermentation, storage, distribution, packaging, and sanitation and security.
• Research & Development on integration and technological innovation for the kimchi industry progress (kimchi production sector and other related sectors).
• The discovery and enhancement of kimchi's scientific brilliance.
• Development of ideas, marketing assistance, and marketing campaigns to foster kimchi exports and localization in foreign nations.
• Aid SMEs with expertise in kimchi production sector challenges, development, and more.
• Designing and managing an inventory and web of data, figures, and logical & cultural resources with the goal of developing a kimchi culture.
  
  

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Roles:

1. Upper Role (Source) - [Kimchi Fermentation Biotechnology] 

                               1-1. Kimchi Fermentation Control Technology Development.

                               1-2. Experimental Verification of Kimchi's Nutritional Quality.

       2. Upper Role (Sector) - [Kimchi Sector’s Modernization]

                               2-1. Market Competence Improvements in Technology within the Kimchi Sector.

                               2-2. The enhancement of technology for the preliminary processing of the Kimchi Quality

                                       Assurance.

       3. Upper Role (Public Involvement) - [Conversion of Kimchi's price into assets]

                               3-1. Development and Implementation of Kimchi Science Sources.     

                               3-2. Value maximization and internationalization of Kimchi heritage.

Fundamental Skills:

1. Growth of Kimchi Quality Improvement yeast as well as commercial Kimchi yeast supply unit.
2. Kimchi Operational Components Exploration as well as Analysis Systems.
3. Services for Improving the Taste and Fairness of Kimchi.
4. Developing and utilizing Kimchi Investigation Resources and Data Facilities.
5. Creation and functioning of a Kimchi Cultural Content Development System in accordance with technological, historical, and cultural analysis.

Function Execution Approaches:

1. R&D Innovation in Techniques.

•  Creation of a framework for preparing and carrying out R&D that is based on organization aims.
• The development and execution of a venture selection and evaluation process designed for R&R.
• Enabling a system for transparent cooperation.

      2. System-focused Administration Performance

• Innovative Approaches to Talent Development and Implementation Systems.
• Installation and activation of a sensory-based complete environment development structure.
• Growth in corporate society to boost WiKim's confidence.

      3. The Practical Implementation of and Collaboration of Research Results

• Developing and Reinforcing the Framework for IP Use and Distribution.
• Improving Demand-Driven Business Assistance via Innovative Technology in the Business Assistance System.
• Promoting Kimchi Culture Content in accordance with Research Findings and boosting up of the International Network.

Sources:

https://www.wikim.re.kr/menu.es?mid=a20103010000

https://www.nst.re.kr/eng/contents.do?key=168 

AEMP Article File:

Topic: Ministry of Environment of Korea (Water Resources, Land & Waste)

Writer: Sumaira Rahman, Rokhsona Mondal, Madhumita Bodak, Aritra Mandal

Academic Field of Study: Science and Technology

Short Explanation of the Article: This article sheds light on the Ministry of Environment of South Korea. The main focus of this article is on the functions of the Ministry of Environment in regard to managing Water Resources and Land & Waste through a well-defined management system and infrastructure. 

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT

The Ministry of Environment (환경부) is a South Korean government body that is responsible for ecological preservation. The Ministry was established, on January 3, 1990. Sejong City serves as its headquarters.

WATER RESOURCES: -

Integrated Water Resources Management:

Preserving clean water in lakes and rivers, and simultaneously guaranteeing a steady supply of water for all citizens, is a crucial mission of the Government of Korea. Korea improved its national water management system in the year 2018, from a ministry with split up responsibilities to a unified system, having the Ministry of Environment as the only authority. The aim is to accelerate the administrative efficacy in order to rescue. Low-cost, equitable and sustainable utilization of the country’s restricted water resources. As stated by the new Framework law on Water Management, every ten years, Korea will develop a national water management plan, which will identify policy goals and clear-cut measures on comprehensive water issues, including water resources, water quality, water-related disasters, conflicts and water-related issues in the water sector.  

The first National Water Management Plan was to be developed in 2020.

 Pollution Control: 

In order to safeguard and enhance the quality of the nation’s river water, Korea implemented the Total Water Pollution Load Management System (TPLMS) in the year 2004, at the river basin level. Targets are established by the system for water quality in each river basin, to determine how much pollution must be released to meet those targets. It assigns allowable releases to each local government and tracks compliance in order to determine if special measures, such as development restrictions are necessary. In the next phase of the TPLMS, four major river basins in supposed to have new water quality goals which were to be announced in 2019. Strict regulations cover 51 parameters used to manage the wastewater and industrial wastewater discharged from treatment facilities. In order to safeguard pure river water and robust ecosystems, Korea keeps enforcing effluent management regulations by introducing new guidelines and broadening their application. Apart from the individual and sewage effluent from point resources, 66.4% of pollution in Korea’s four main rivers originates from diffuse resources. The management of Non-Point Source (NPS) water pollution involves methodical approaches such as the establishment of NPS central areas and legal requirements for large-scale development projects to install pollution reduction facilities.

 Water Source:

In Korea, 99.1% of the population has access to water supply amenities as a result of decades of efforts to build out waterworks installations and the service network. However, a gap between urban and rural areas still exists, that has to be closed. Korea is capitalizing more on developing water delivery services, the current emphasis being on vulnerable regions such as rural communities. Simultaneously, a national project to revamp outdated water infrastructure and pipes is under progress. By introducing smart technologies like automated water treatment and real-time measurement and analysis, Korea's national water grid is developing towards greater durability, security, and efficacy.

 Disaster Mitigation:

Korea has been witnessing more intense, concentrated, and erratic rainfall patterns as a result of the consequences of climate change. In order to safeguard the citizens from water-related calamities, Korea is attempting to maximize the use of modern technology and information networks. For example, the four main river Flood Control departments acquire meteorological and hydrological data, assess flood threats, create forecasts, and broadcast real-time flood alerts from 60 locations around the country.

Conflict Resolution:

One of the main concerns of Korea's water management plan has been resolving the disputes between the urban and rural regions as well as between upstream and downstream reaches. Water consumption costs, which are obtained by tap water consumers downstream and then utilized for welfare and water purity enhancement, are one of the legislative instruments adopted for tackling the disparity.

LAND & WASTE: -

The most modern waste handling system in the world is located in Korea. Two of the main pillars of the nation's waste management strategy are a decades-long segregated disposal system for recyclables and volume-based disposal levies for general and food waste. Manufacturers of goods are required by Korea's Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) program to accumulate and recycle the scraps that come from their goods. The use of single-use items, like beverage cups in cafes and grocery bags in supermarkets, is subject to ever-tougher regulations. The use of single-use items, like beverage cups in cafes and grocery bags in supermarkets, is subject to ever-tougher regulations. Construction sites generate half of Korea's overall waste output. The maximum recycling of construction wastes is facilitated by the mandate that recycled materials be utilized in both public and private construction projects. Policies that govern resources for their entire life cycle have recently been adopted and enforced to create a sustainable economy in which resources are repurposed and reclaimed rather than found in a landfill. Companies that produce a substantial amount of waste are assigned a specific recycling goal to achieve, and items must be convenient for recycling from their inception. In 2017, each Korean citizen generated 1.02 kilograms of household waste per day, which was only one-third of the amount generated in 1991. During the same period, the rate of waste recycling in Korea rose to 86%.

Targets and Indicators:

Plastic waste is a serious concern that is prioritized in Korea, as it is across the globe. Korea seeks to recycle 70% of its waste plastic by 2030 and cut plastic waste by 50%. A set of legislative initiatives was released in 2018 in the context of the Comprehensive Measures of Waste Recycling, and they are to be applied in every phase of the resource cycle, including manufacturing, consumption, disposal, accumulation, segregation, and recycling.

• Consumption: Implement sustainability guidelines for shipping or postal packages. Expand the groupings and quantity of corporations that must abstain from single-use plastics. Korea’s goal was to reduce the use of plastic bottles and containers by 35%, by the year 2022.
• Disposal: Providing user-friendly guidelines and smartphone apps, to assist individuals in learning and practicing the proper ways to segregate recyclables and dispose of garbage. Enable households and local governments to manage garbage at a local level.
• Manufacturing: Examine the recyclable nature of all packaging products, such as PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) bottles, since different manufacturers are required to pay separate recycling fees. Goals were set to substitute transparent plastic beverage bottles, for all coloured ones by 2020, as they are cheaper to recycle.
• Recycling: Increase the number of plastic products examined by the EPR scheme. Promote the recycling sector to operate steadily by keeping a check on costs and taking initiative. Increased funding for innovative recycling technologies.

Source: 

https://eng.me.go.kr/eng/web/index.do?menuId=200

AEMP Article File:

TOPIC : KOREAN FLIM COUNCIL (KoBiz)

WRITER : AHANA CHAKRABORTY

ACADEMIC FIELD OF STUDY : Humanities And Social Science 

SHORT EXPLANATION OF THR ARTICLE : The Korean Film Council is a public institution established to improve the quality of Korean films and promote them and the film industry, a role entrusted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, the ROK government.

KoBiz Website (Korean Film Biz Zone)

FILM & PEOPLE : Databases of Korean films, film industry professionals(cast & crew), upcoming films, and Korean film companies.

NEWS & REPORTS : In-depth coverage of Korean cinema, featuring the latest Korean film news, industry and box office reports, as well as interviews with industry professionals and sneak previews of upcoming films. Updated daily

PUBLICATIONS : ‘Korean Cinema Today’, ‘Newsletter’, ‘Books’, ‘Korean Shooting Guide’, and ‘Brochures’

KoBiz Available Across all Mobile Platforms and on SNS

Catch up with KoBiz anytime, anyplace! Whether on your desktop, android, iPhone, or iPad, KoBiz is conveniently made accessible across all mobile devices.

Active across all major social media, KoBiz is the best real-time resource for Korean cinema. Connect with us via Twitter, Facebook, YouTube to stay updated on the latest news in the industry.

About KOFIC

The Korean Film Council is a public institution established to improve the quality of Korean films and promote them and the film industry, a role entrusted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, the ROK government.

Over the years, Korean films grew tremendously; a film market of 2 trillion won, 0.2 billion moviegoers per year, and more than 50% of the market share. Movies became one of the representative public art genres of Korea. And now, the audiences from all over the world including Asia are enthusiastic about Korean films. Marking the centennial anniversary of Korean movies in 2019, the Korean Film Council intends to make a new leap forward. We will prepare various planning, development, and production support projects which can strengthen capabilities to create Korean films and establish the foundation for growing together with Asian films to lead the world market. We will also build a sound industrial environment for the rapidly changing online market, politically respond to resolve the market structure of oligopoly and establish matured conditions and working environments for creating and enjoying films. In the future, the Korean Film Council will continue to make progress toward boastful Korean films in the world that our people love.

About KOFIC Projects

Support for Planning and Development

We support projects for planning and developing Korean movies provides to writers, directors, producers, production companies, etc. to expand production opportunities of various genres and materials of movies.

Supporting Distribution

We promote diversity of film culture and spreading of the value of films by expanding the foundation for distributing independent and art films and nurturing various film festivals.

Supporting Overseas Expansion

We support Korean film’s participation in overseas film festivals and projects, promote them comprehensively, and provide biz-matching services on the ground.

MAKE-UP AND HAIRSTYLING

Make-up and hairstyling are frequently cited last when discussing the technicians who make films possible, despite the fact that they are an important cog in the machine. Song Jong-hee, a brilliant makeup artist based in Seoul, has played an important role in bringing Korean characters to life on film. After making her debut in Kill the Love (1996), this self-taught technician built a reputation working with notable Korean New Wave filmmakers such as Bong Joon-ho, Park Chan-wook, and Lee Chang-dong. She was one of the rare people in her area who would become involved in the pre-production stage, giving her own ideas based on the screenplay while the characters had yet to be firmly established. She now works as part of the cosmetics and hairdressing company Mimos, which she founded alongside Jang Ju-eun and Lee Yu-sun, after taking a sabbatical in2009 to study at the Vancouver Film School.

According to her, the objective of her profession is to bring an actor's face under a new light, to find a way to make them look like nothing that has come before, all the while never eclipsing or squandering the character in the plot. It comes as no surprise then that she often bemoans the fact that, because of time limits or scope constraints, too often in TV series or films the actors are dressed like the stars they are rather than the characters the yare meant to depict. As a result, she makes no concessions when it comes to applying herself the makeup and never lets the actors do it, since she considers it takes someone else’s eyes to achieve the appearance that has been deemed appropriate for the role. This is why, this week, we're revisiting eight films in which her contributions helped bring the characters to life, from the gritty Old Boy to the intriguing appeal of The Handmaiden.

Park has collaborated with Song on all of his projects since Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance ,including his most recent, Decision to Leave. In his classic thriller movie Old Boy, the main character Oh Dae-su, played by Choi Min-shik, has a wild and untamed haircut that make shim look as if he had just survived from an explosion, which aptly symbolizes the character's pent-up wrath and desire for retribution after years in captivity. Song Jong-hee's working approach was completely different from what it is now, but her rigorous attention to detail ensured that every strand of hair had a role in conveying Dae-su's anguished spirit, and it took her five hours to give it this disheveled appearance.

Lee Young ae's long hair and smoky eyes in Sympathy for Lady Vengeance (2005) by Park Chan-wook

In Sympathy for Lady Vengeance, Lee Young-ae's character, Geum-ja, a woman who was just freed from jail after being falsely convicted for the kidnapping and murder of a child, exudes an air of mystery with her striking look. Her long, flowing dark hair surrounds her extremely fair face, and her smoky eyes that fade to crimson provide her persona an air of mystery. This crimson hue emerges as a manifestation of her rage at times, yet at others it seems indistinguishable from eyes flushed red from sobbing. Song Jong-hee's artistry here was more than simply cosmetics; it created an iconic appearance for the ages while portraying Geum-ja's complicated and contradictory emotions as she executes her plan.

Kim Hye-soo's Fierce Lioness Mane in Hypnotized (2004)

In Hypnotized, Kim Hye-soo's portrayal of a married lady suffering from border line personality disorder after finding her spouse is cheating required a style that could clearly represent her dread of rejection. As a result, her outfit was meant to make a statement and catch the attention of others around her. On top of some daring fashion decisions, light foundation and sensual makeup adorn her face, while her long curly hair, resembling a lion's mane, appears to take on a life of its own as it dominates her entire appearance. This look, which was both gorgeous and showed a lady in complete control of her image, was the perfect approach to depict the character's power and authority, demonstrating how cosmetics and hairstyling can enhance a character's presence on screen.

Park Hae-il as an elderly novelist in Eungyo (2012)

Park Hae-il transformed into an older figure in the romance drama Eungyo, about a contentious relationship between an elderly author and a high school student. This was the first assignment for which Song, who had discovered a new interest in prosthetic makeup while studying in Vancouver, could put her new skills to the test. Almost no one before Song had the know-how to pull off such an effect, which Park Chan-wook bemoaned as restricting the narrative options. By aging Park Hae-il by 35 years without the use of VFX, Song performed a key contribution in the evolution of Korean cinema makeup.

Sul Kyung-gu as Kim Il-sung in My Dictator (2014)

For My Dictator in 2014, Song transformed Sul Kyung-gu into North Korea's founder and first leader Kim Il-sung, one of the most spectacular changes in his career. This narrative follows an actor who is hired as a stand-in for Kim in the 1970s so that the South Korean president may prepare ahead of the first inter-Korean meeting, only to become consumed by his character. Song's task for this job was twofold: she had to give Seol some facial traits that would make him appear like the late Korean leader, but she also had to age the actor because the second half of the film takes place two decades later. A great deal of care was taken to ensure that the silicon prosthetics used in the actor's neck, cheek bones, and forehead did not feel flimsy and matched the actor's natural skin tone. It would take five hours to complete the fitting process.

Kim Min-hee's asymmetrical beauty in The Handmaiden (2016) by Park Chan-wook

Lady Hideko, played by Kim Min-hee in The Handmaiden, hides her actual identity deep within her. As a young girl educated in a wealthy household in 1930s Korea, she is well-versed in occidental customs and arts but knows nothing about the world that stands just beyond her mansion. Her fashion reflects these features immediately. The decision was taken to give this character an asymmetrical bob, which was popular in the West at the time, as well as a pale foundation because she rarely had the occasion to stay in the sunlight. This gave her the appearance of a china doll or a woman trapped in a Renaissance painting, which ties to her character journey but also contrasts with her counterpart, the servant Suk-hee (Kim Tae-ri), who had a simpler hairdo and tanned complexion.

KO-pick: Occult movies to exorcise the heat

Demons and Mudangs

One of the stapples of horror films is the exorcism, or the ritual of expelling evil spirits from a person or a place. The fascination with this occult proceeding could already be found in ancient times, but it reached mainstream appeal in modern times with the release of The Exorcist (1973), whose influence can’t be overstated as it spawned countless sequels, remakes, and imitations. Its director, William Fried kin, just passed away on August7.

However, exorcism, just like evil spirits and possessions, is not only a Western phenomenon. Mudangs, or Korean performers of traditional divination rituals, have been exorcising ghosts for centuries. In recent years, Korean cinema and television have taken to the increasingly popular subgenre, with varying degrees of success and originality. Even

Kim Eun-hee, one of the most revered TV series screenwriters who had already ventured in horror fare with Kingdom (2019-2020), has recently tapped into exorcist stories with the drama series Revenant (2023). Currently available to stream on Disney+, it revolves around a young adult woman possessed by a demon and a Korean folklore professor who team up to try to solve a series of mysterious deaths. Meanwhile, theaters will welcome this September a Korean film that tackles the exorcism genre in Dr. Cheon and The Lost Talisman (2023) by Kim Seong-sik. Based on a 2014 hit webtoon wrote by Hooressha and drawn by Kim Hong-tae, Possession, it tells the story of a fake exorcist who has so faral  ways managed to give his clients what they wanted because he is extremely talented in reading people’s mind, until he has to deal with a real evil spirit.

If you are a fan of exorcism films, there is plenty of titles to look forward to, but you might also want to check out some older titles like these ones we have listed for you this week. Who knows, you might even find yourself possessed by their stories.

Ghost Sweepers (2012), by Shin Jung-won

Mudangs and exorcists of all religions and abilities have come from all across the nation in a tiny town that has been afflicted by an army of extremely fierce spirits and must work together despite their differences to discover the source of the curse. The film, which is a satire of the exorcism genre, mocks its clichés and stereotypes.

The Chosen: Forbidden Cave (2015), by Kim Hwi

This is a horror thriller film about a reporter who follows a mudang-turned-psychiatrist performing an exorcism, which leads them to investigate an intriguing cave on Jeju Island and a tragic chapter in history. This film was among the first in the second wave of exorcism films, and is best known today for his interesting approach to tackle the events of the Jeju Uprising.

The Priests (2015), by Jang Jae-hyun

This film, inspired by the Korean comic book of the same name, was the genuine beginning of what is known in Korea as "occult movies," or supernatural mystery thrillers. A group of Catholic priests tries to exorcise a terrible demon that has taken possession of a young adolescent. Exorcisms are performed by priests using a variety of methods and weapons, including holy water, crosses, swords, and firearms. Parasite sensation Park So-dam, in her breakthrough role, plays the infected girl.

The Divine Fury (2019), by Jason Kim

In this horror fantasy film, an MMA fighter discovers that his freshly acquired stigma tagrant him divine abilities, making him the only one capable of stopping evil forces at work. The only problem is that since his father died, he has harbored a resentment against the Christian God.

Svaha: The Sixth Finger (2019), by Jang Jae-hyun

A pastor famed for exposing cults is charged with studying the Deer Mountain Buddhist group. Meanwhile, the police discover that a girl's body has been buried in concrete, with atalis man in her mouth. This film, like The Wailing, made extensive use of both Christian and Buddhist themes to create a unique mood.

SOURCES : https://www.koreanfilm.or.kr

AEMP Article File : https://www.koreanfilm.or.kr

Topic : The National Maritime Museum of Korea – Crown Jewel of the Country

Writer :  Tejaswini Rao

Academic Field Of Study : Humanities And Social Sciences – Anthropology - History

Short Introduction : The following article talks about the National Maritime Museum Of Korea a valuable resource that promotes an understanding and appreciation of Korea's maritime history and culture. Through its engaging exhibits, educational programs, and commitment to excellence, the museum serves as a beacon for maritime enthusiasts and scholars from around the world. It is an essential destination for anyone with an interest in the sea, ships, and the fascinating history of maritime Korea making it the Crown Jewel of the Country.

The National Maritime Museum of Korea – Crown Jewel of the Country

The National Maritime Museum of Korea is a fascinating institution located in the city of Busan, South Korea. It was established in July 9th 2012 and is dedicated to the rich maritime history of Korea. The museum showcases a wide variety of exhibits, artifacts, and interactive displays that highlight the country's maritime heritage, as well as its important role in the global maritime community.

The museum is housed in a modern and impressive building, which is itself a work of art. The architecture of the museum reflects the importance of the sea in Korean culture and history, with its unique design resembling waves and ships. The museum's location is also significant, being situated near the port city of Busan, which has been a hub of maritime activity for centuries.

One of the main attractions of the museum is its diverse collection of artifacts and exhibits. Visitors can explore the history of Korean shipbuilding, seafaring, and trade through a wide range of displays, models, and multimedia presentations. From ancient sailing vessels to modern naval technology, the museum provides a comprehensive look at the maritime achievements of Korea.

Let’s learn more about its permanent exhibits. The permanent exhibits include a Maritime Hall, Aquarium, Media Art Gallery, Navigation Hall.

• Maritime Hall: Features different records, art, and daily objects, of the maritime culture from whale hunting to pearl crafts, modern fishing activities etc.
• Aquarium: Houses 70 species of marine life which are rescued, protected, treated and taken care of at the aquarium.
• Media Art Gallery: Allows the visitors to experience media content related to marine biology, maritime industry with 360° technology and a LED display making their visit a spectacle.
• Navigation Hall:  shows the many ways people have
  travelled around the world through the development of ships,
  navigation tools, and navigational techniques. Giving insights about the evolution of maritime vessels and naval activities in Korea.

In addition to its permanent exhibits, the museum also hosts special events, temporary exhibitions, and educational programs. These activities aim to engage visitors of all ages and backgrounds, making the museum an ideal destination for families, students, and maritime enthusiasts.

The National Maritime Museum of Korea not only celebrates the past but also looks to the future. The museum's emphasis on modern maritime technology and research reflects Korea's ambition to remain a global leader in the maritime industry. By showcasing cutting-edge developments in shipbuilding, ocean exploration, and marine conservation, the museum aims to inspire the next generation of innovators and maritime professionals.

Overall, the National Maritime Museum of Korea is a valuable resource that promotes an understanding and appreciation of Korea's maritime history and culture. Through its engaging exhibits, educational programs, and commitment to excellence, the museum serves as a beacon for maritime enthusiasts and scholars from around the world. It is an essential destination for anyone with an interest in the sea, ships, and the fascinating history of maritime Korea making it the Crown Jewel of the Country.

Source :

https://www.mmk.or.kr/eng/

Writer :  Tejaswini Rao

Academic Field Of Study : Humanities and Social Sciences (Sociology) - Tourism

Short Introduction : The following article gives information about the five royal palaces of Seoul .Seoul, the heart of South Korea, is not only the capital and largest metropolis in the Republic of South Korea but also the home to five grand royal palaces which were founded in 1395 and have withstood the test of times & wars for the last 500 years. Each palace holds its own unique significance and charm, showcasing different architectural styles and historical periods.

The Magnificent Royal Palaces of Seoul

Seoul, the heart of South Korea, is not only the capital and largest metropolis in the Republic of South Korea but also the home to five grand royal palaces which were founded in 1395 and have withstood the test of times & wars for the last 500 years. Each palace holds its own unique significance and charm, showcasing different architectural styles and historical periods.

• Gyeongbokgung Palace is the largest and most iconic palace amongst all the five. Built in 1395 served as the main palace for several generations of Korean kings. One of its most breathtaking features is the Gyeonghoeru Pavilion, a beautifully crafted wooden structure that served as the site for royal banquets and important ceremonies. From ornate buildings to serene gardens one can experience both Korean history and nature by visiting this great palace.

• Changdeokgung Palace which is a UNESCO World Heritage site was built in 1405 renowned for its picturesque gardens and elegant pavilions. The famous Huwon Secret Garden within Changdeokgung Palace is famous for its serene lotus ponds, meandering pathways, and hidden valleys.

• Changgyeonggung Palace was first built in 1104. It is one of the oldest royal palaces in Seoul. Originally constructed as a private garden for the royal family, it was later transformed into a palace. Changgyeonggung Palace is notable for its simple yet elegant architectural style, which reflects the influence of both Chinese and Korean design traditions. The palace features beautiful gardens, tranquil ponds, and an array of pavilions and halls. One of the must-see attractions within Changgyeonggung Palace is the Myeongjeongjeon Hall, where the king's coronation and important state affairs took place.

• Deoksugung Palace, which is known for its unique fusion of traditional Korean and Western architectural styles. The palace encapsulates a blend of historic Korean buildings alongside European-style structures. The most renowned building in Deoksugung Palace are Daehanmun Gate, Junghwamun Gate, Hamnyengjeon Hall. Seokjojeon, etc.

• Gyeonghuigung Palace is located in the heart of Seoul. Gyeonghuigung Palace exudes the grandeur and charm of bygone eras. This Palace is known for its scenic natural landscapes, tranquil ponds, and historical pavilions. An impressive feature of this palace is the Honghwamun Gate, renowned for its beautiful wooden carvings. The palace also has a museum which has an impressive collection of Joseon Dynasty artifacts, offering visitors a deeper understanding of Korean history.

No amount of words would be able to portray the absolute beauty of these majestic pieces of art. They are the part of our cultural heritage which need to be cherished, and one can truly see the marvel in them when you visit these wonders in person.

Sources :

www.mcst.go.kr

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongbokgung

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changgyeonggung

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changdeokgung

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksugung

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeonghuigung

Topic: Robotics and AI in South Korea: A Leap into the Future

Writer: Diyasha Datta, Shyambhavi Kaushik, Pradnya Sanadi, Anvee Sejwal [WB2]

Academic Field of Study: Science and Technology, Engineering and Technology, Information and Communication Engineering

Short Introduction: The following article gives information about the advancement of Robotics and Artificial Intelligent in South Korea. South Korea is the most automated country in the world with the highest robot density in manufacturing industries. The country’s robotics and AI development is led by large conglomerates like LG, Samsung, and Hyundai. The government has also invested heavily in the robotics industry. 

ROBOTICS AND AI IN SOUTH KOREA: A LEAP INTO THE FUTURE

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, South Korea has experienced notable growth and progress in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI). The nation is acknowledged as a pioneer in technology worldwide, and its developments in robotics and artificial intelligence are no different.

The development and deployment of these technologies have been extensively promoted by South Korea's Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT). To encourage development in these sectors, they have put in place a number of initiatives and plans. The aforementioned encompasses international partnerships, including the AI Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Singapore, which endeavors to set the bar for global digital technology standards.

The importance of AI and 6G technologies is emphasized in South Korea's national plan, and the country has created a roadmap for digital innovation that covers 5G, 6G, AI semiconductors, and AI.

HISTORY OF AI IN SOUTH KOREA

South Korea's trajectory in AI and Robotics has been marked by significant growth, supported and developed by the government, propelling the nation to a leading position in global industrial robot usage. The robotics industry, valued at 6.29 Trillion South Korean Won in 2016, surged to 9.18T in 2020. The journey commenced with the development of the Exobrain system by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), a ground-breaking advancement that demonstrated Korea's prowess in AI research.

As the world grappled with the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for automated, contact-less services soared, amplifying the rapid adoption of robots across diverse industries globally. The 2021 World Robotics Statistics by the International Federation of Robotics revealed an average of 126 robots per 10,000 employees in manufacturing industries worldwide.

Initially prevalent in large and medium-sized enterprises, the use of robots in Korea has evolved, with more small-to-medium-sized companies now embracing robotic solutions due to enhanced user-friendliness and cost competitiveness.

To position AI as a key driver for the fourth industrial revolution, Korea developed a comprehensive AI strategy in December 2019, shortly after contributing to the negotiation of OECD AI Principles. With robust government support, South Korea is emerging as a global leader in harnessing trustworthy AI, boasting strong digital infrastructure, sound industrial capabilities, and rapid 5G adoption and commercialization. The nation's aspirations now extend to becoming a world leader in AI, solidifying its commitment to ongoing innovation in the field.

South Korea has made significant strides in the application of Robotics and AI in various fields. Here are some key areas where these technologies are being utilized:

MANUFACTURING SECTOR

South Korea leads the world in industrial robotics with 932 robots per 10,000 workers, showcasing a commitment backed by government funding to incorporate cutting-edge technology into manufacturing processes.

HEALTHCARE SECTOR

South Korea invests $250 million in developing service-oriented robots for healthcare, addressing the aging population. Renowned for surgical robots, the nation experiences a surge in healthcare robotics.

LOGISTICS SECTOR

South Korea advances AI and robotics in logistics, hosting the headquarters of Geek+ for autonomous mobile robots. The nation supports robotics upgrades in retail, e-commerce, and apparel sectors.

AGRICULTURE SECTOR

In agriculture, South Korea pioneers AI and robotics with innovations like a barista robot for unmanned cafes. These technologies enhance efficiency, productivity, and innovation in farming practices.

AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR

South Korea, a global leader, integrates AI and robotics into the automotive sector with plans for fully autonomous vehicles by 2027. Industry giants like Hyundai contribute to the development of autonomous driving technology.

TOURISM SECTOR

In tourism, South Korea employs robots at Incheon International Airport, offering autonomous assistance to travellers. AI and robotics create immersive experiences, supporting travel arrangements and enhancing hospitality services.

ENTERTAINMENT SECTOR

AI and robotics revolutionize South Korea's entertainment sector, from unmanned cafes to AI applications in film production and gaming. These technologies drive efficiency and innovation in creating interactive experiences.

DEFENCE SECTOR

The Defence Innovation 4.0 initiative aims to reduce casualties during conflict and address threats to the country by modernizing and strengthening the Republic of Korea (ROK) military’s response capabilities to an AI-based, manned and unmanned complex combat system. South Korea adopts AI and unmanned technologies in defence through the Defence Innovation 4.0 initiative, aiming to modernize military capabilities and enhance collaboration with the United States.

CONTRIBUTIONS BY MINISTRY OF SCIENCE AND ICT (MSIT)

AI for Good:

MSIT partnered with ITU to foster AI solutions for global challenges like low growth, income polarization, climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Digital Strategy of Korea:

MSIT introduced the Digital Strategy of Korea, aligning with the New York Initiative, aiming to position Korea as a digital innovation leader.

Investment in R&D:

From 2023, Korea focuses R&D investments in six key digital technologies, including AI, semiconductors, 5G/6G communication, quantum, metaverse, and cybersecurity.

AI Infrastructure:

Intensive investment planned for next-gen technology, establishing world-class AI infrastructure like Neural Processing Unit, supercomputers, and hyper-scale AI models from 2023.

AI Legislation:

MSIT supports the amendment of new legislations, preparing for the digital era with acts like "AI Act" and "Digital Inclusivity Act."

Trustworthy AI:

MSIT's "Strategy to realize trustworthy artificial intelligence" includes 3 strategies and 10 action plans, striving for trustworthy AI accessible to everyone by 2025.

These initiatives underscore Korea's dedication to advancing AI and Robotics technologies, showcasing a comprehensive approach towards fostering innovation and ethical AI practices.

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS IN EXPORTS (TRADE BALANCE)

Trade figures reflect a country's global competitiveness. In 2016, South Korea showed a trade advantage in Mobility, AI, and Nanotechnology compared to the EU27. The country's total exports in advanced technologies were lower than the EU27, but it demonstrated strengths in specific areas.

COLLABORATION WITH SINGAPORE

The Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) of South Korea and the Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI) of Singapore have signed an Artificial Intelligence Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to collaborate closely on AI. This collaboration aims to deepen the two countries’ digital partnership. The MOU is a milestone in digital partnership between the two countries, and will allow the exchange of AI technologies and experiences in promoting the responsible use of AI.

Under the MOU, Singapore’s Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI), Smart Nation and Digital Government Office (SNDGO), and InfoComm Media Development Authority (IMDA), will work together with the ROK’s MSIT to increase access to AI technologies and talent, link research and industry activities to support the commercialization of AI applications, strengthen the exchange of AI best practices, and support the alignment of AI governance frameworks.

In addition to this, the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in South Korea has partnered with a Singapore group to advance the development of Korea’s first artificial intelligence (AI) cluster town project, the AI Town Project in Gwangju. This project is a significant step towards the realization of a smart city powered by AI and Robotics.

These collaborations reflect the commitment of both South Korea and Singapore to advancing AI and Robotics technologies and their applications. They also highlight the importance of international cooperation in the development and application of these emerging technologies.

CHINA OR SOUTH KOREA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT

ABSTRACT

This article analyses China and South Korea's innovative development, focusing on the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in their economic growth post-COVID-19. South Korea's strong R&D spending and innovative history contrast with China's accelerating pace in AI research. Both countries, with proper support, have the potential to surpass current AI leaders.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study employs systematic and dialectical approaches to analyze economic trends in innovative technologies, particularly AI, in China and South Korea. Quantitative indicators, comparison methods, media scanning, and crowdsourcing inform the analysis, relying on annual reference books, statistical data, articles, and monographs.

South Korea leads globally in R&D spending (4.3% of GDP in 2020) and boasts a robust patent system. However, the private sector's role in R&D is growing, exceeding public funding, particularly in projects related to the digital economy, robotics, blockchain, big data, 5G networks, and AI.

SOUTH KOREA'S VISIONARY AI ACTION STRATEGY: INNOVATIONS, GOALS, AND ECONOMIC IMPACT

South Korea's AI Action Strategy:

BACKGROUND AND INITIATIVE

Since the establishment of the Presidential Committee on the 4th Industrial Revolution in November 2017, the Korean government has initiated key strategies, including the AI R&D Strategy, Data Industry Activation Strategy, System Semiconductor Strategy, 5G+ Strategy, and Manufacturing Renaissance Strategy.

PRESIDENTIAL INITIATIVE FOR AI (OCT.2019)

President Moon Jae-in's initiative aims to raise public awareness of AI's pivotal role, leveraging Korea's strengths in education and advanced ICT infrastructure to position the country as a global AI leader.

NATIONAL VISION AND GOALS

Korea envisions securing world-class AI competitiveness, enhancing economic vitality, and improving citizens' happiness. The strategy includes building an AI ecosystem, expanding utilization, and prioritizing people-cantered approaches.

CORE STRATEGIES

AI Ecosystem: Enhance infrastructure, secure AI talent, and promote regulatory innovation for a global-leading AI ecosystem.

AI Utilization: Foster talent, diffuse technology, build a digital government, and establish an inclusive job safety network.

People-Cantered AI: Prioritize quality of life, life satisfaction, and cyber safety through global-level AI ethics.

GOALS BY 2030

• Achieve a manufacturing value-added rate of 30%.
• Attain the world's third-largest digital competitiveness.
• Open 45,000 types of big data.
• Achieve 95% AI technology competitiveness.
• Create a top-five regulatory environment.

Economic Impact :

• McKinsey and KISDI estimate an economic effect of up to 455 trillion won through successful AI implementation.
• Korea's AI strategy, focused on innovation, talent development, and ethics, aims to position the country as a global leader, fostering economic growth and societal well-being.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

When considering the ethical implications of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) in South Korea, several key aspects should be considered. While South Korea is known for its rapid technological advancements and widespread adoption of AI and robotics, it is essential to ensure that these technologies are developed and deployed ethically. Here are some ethical considerations for robotics and AI in South Korea:

1) Privacy Concerns:

South Korea, like many other countries, faces challenges related to privacy concerns in the age of AI. The collection and use of personal data for AI applications should be done transparently, and individuals should have control over their data.

2) Transparency and Accountability:

Developers and companies involved in AI and robotics should be transparent about the algorithms and decision-making processes behind their technologies. In case of errors or unintended consequences, there should be mechanisms for accountability.

3) Bias and Fairness:

Ensuring fairness and mitigating bias in AI algorithms is crucial. South Korea should strive to eliminate biases in AI systems to prevent discrimination, particularly in areas such as hiring, lending, and law enforcement where biased algorithms can have significant societal impacts.

4) Job Displacement and Reskilling:

The widespread adoption of robotics and AI may lead to job displacement in certain sectors. Ethical considerations should include efforts to reskill the workforce, ensuring that people can adapt to changing job markets and have access to new opportunities.

5) Social and Economic Inequality:

The deployment of AI and robotics should not exacerbate existing social and economic inequalities. Policymakers should consider measures to ensure that the benefits of these technologies are distributed equitably across society.

6) Autonomous Weapons and Military Applications:

There should be careful consideration of the ethical implications of developing autonomous weapons and military applications of AI. Clear guidelines and regulations should be in place to prevent the misuse of these technologies.

7) Public Engagement and Education:

Ethical considerations should involve the public in decision-making processes regarding the use of AI and robotics. Public awareness and education programs can help people understand the implications of these technologies and contribute to shaping ethical guidelines.

8) International Collaboration:

Given the global nature of AI development, South Korea should actively participate in international collaborations to establish ethical standards and guidelines. This includes sharing best practices, addressing common challenges, and ensuring a cohesive global approach to AI ethics.

9) Environmental Impact:

The environmental impact of AI and robotics, including energy consumption and electronic waste, should be considered. Sustainable and eco-friendly practices should be encouraged in the development and deployment of these technologies.

10) Legal and Regulatory Framework:

South Korea should establish and enforce a robust legal and regulatory framework for AI and robotics. This framework should address ethical considerations, data protection, and accountability to ensure responsible development and use of these technologies.

DIGITAL INNOVATION ROADMAP

The Digital Innovation Roadmap by South Korea's Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) outlines a strategic plan to become a global leader in AI and Robotics by 2030. Focused on six key digital technologies, including AI, semiconductors, 5G/6G communication, quantum, metaverse, and cybersecurity, the roadmap prioritizes R&D investments from 2023. Emphasizing public-private collaboration, it aligns with international standards through initiatives like the AI MoU with Singapore. Integrated into the broader Digital Strategy, this roadmap underscores Korea's commitment to advancing AI and Robotics for global leadership in the digital era.

CONCLUSION

South Korea, at the forefront of AI and robotics, exemplifies a commitment to innovation with robust government support and strategic initiatives. From pioneering AI strategies to fostering ethical considerations, the nation aims for global leadership in technology, evident in its Digital Innovation Roadmap. With a focus on public-private collaboration and international partnerships, South Korea positions itself for a prominent role in shaping the future of AI and Robotics by 2030.

Sources:

• https://search.msit.go.kr/front_en/Search.jsp?qt=Lead+6G+Era+.
• https://search.msit.go.kr/front_en/Search.jsp?qt=artificial+intelligence+.
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• https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/countries/SouthKorea.
• https://www.cioreview.com/news/the-future-of-robotics-in-south-korea-nid-38346-cid-119.html.
• https://www.statista.com/topics/7125/industrial-robots-in-south-korea/.
• https://nextrendsasia.org/robots-roll-into-south-korea-making-it-the-most-automated-country-in-the-world/.
• https://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/ai/south-korean-ai-sees-continued-development/.
• https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/countries-comparison-robot-workers-robotics-change-tech-manufacturing/.
• https://www.hospitalmanagementasia.com/tech-innovation/healthcare-robotics-in-south-korea-sun-medical-center-ceo-dr-sun-seung-hoon/.
• https://www.statista.com/statistics/1131669/south-korea-ai-healthcare-market-size/.
• https://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/ai/south-korean-ai-sees-continued-development/.
• https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/man-crushed-to-death-by-robot-that-mistook-him-for-a-box-of-vegetables/ar-AA1jBUrp.
• https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20171205-why-south-korea-is-an-ideal-breeding-ground-for-robots.
• https://blogs.worldbank.org/digital-development/harnessing-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence-lesson-korea.
• https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/countries/SouthKorea.
• https://www.seoulz.com/how-strong-is-ai-development-in-south-korea/.
• https://oecd.ai/en/wonk/korea-ai-transition.
• https://blogs.worldbank.org/digital-development/harnessing-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence-lesson-korea.
• https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards/countries/SouthKorea.
• https://aiforgood.itu.int/the-ministry-of-science-and-ict-partners-with-the-itu-to-foster-a-hospitable-environment-for-artificial-intelligence-ai/.
• https://www.msit.go.kr/eng/index.do.
• https://www.msit.go.kr/eng/bbs/view.do?sCode=eng&mId=4&mPid=2&pageIndex=&bbsSeqNo=42&nttSeqNo=509&searchOpt=ALL&searchTxt=.
• https://www.mci.gov.sg/media-centre/press-releases/securing-ai-collaborations-between-singapore-and-republic-of-korea/.
• https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/singapore-south-korea-sign-mou-on-artificial-intelligence.
• https://ipdefenseforum.com/2022/09/south-korea-enhances-defense-with-robotics-ai-systems/.
• https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210928000842.
• https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2023/02/133_345736.html.
• https://www.msit.go.kr/eng/bbs/view.do?sCode=eng&mId=4&mPid=2&bbsSeqNo=42&nttSeqNo=742.
• https://wp.oecd.ai/app/uploads/2021/12/Korea_National_Strategy_for_Artificial_Intelligence_2019.pdf
• https://ati.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-07/ATI_international%20report_South_Korea.pdf

AEMP Article File:

TOPIC : Korean Broadcast Advertising Corp (KOBACO)

WRITER : Ahana Chakraborty [WB1]

ACADEMIC FEILD OF STUDY : Humanities and social science MEDIA/COMMUNICATION

SHORT EXPLANATION : KOBACO innovates the advertisement industry as a leading public media representative.

SOURCE : 

https://www.kobaco.co.kr/site/eng/home

  AEMP ARTICLE FILE : 

  https://www.kobaco.co.kr/site/eng/home

Topic: Forests of Korea: A Natural Treasure

Writer: Diyasha Datta, Shyambhavi Kaushik, Pradnya Sanadi, Anvee Sejwal [WB2]

Academic Field of Study: Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Forestry

Short Introduction: The following article deals with the study of 'Forests of Korea' that gives insights to the diversity and importance of forests in various socio-economical aspects of Korea. Forests in Korea are diverse, covering a significant portion of the peninsula. The predominant trees vary from south to north. 

FORESTS OF KOREA: A NATURAL TREASURE

INTRODUCTION

The Korean Peninsula, a land of remarkable natural beauty, is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna. Its forests, in particular, are a sight to behold, with their evergreen pines and deciduous trees such as maple, birch, poplar, oak, ash, and elm. Korea is a country blessed with diverse and beautiful forests that cover more than half of its land area. The Korean peninsula encompasses 221,000 sq. km, 45% of which makes up the Republic of Korea (ROK, South Korea). About 20% of the total land area in the ROK is used for agriculture while forest occupy approximately 64%. The forests of Korea are home to many species of plants and animals, some of which are endemic or endangered. They also provide various benefits to the people, such as clean air, water, recreation, and cultural heritage.

South Korea is covered by temperate vegetation. Mountains make up more than two thirds of the nation, which through time has generated regional cultural distinctions. Each region has a variety of forested landscapes influenced by local culture. For this reason, Korea has long since been called Keumsukangsan (금수강산), a land of beautiful scenery.

TYPES OF FORESTS IN KOREA

The forests of Korea are classified into three types: coniferous forests, deciduous forests, and mixed forests. Each type of forest has its own characteristics, distribution, and ecological value.

CONIFEROUS FORESTS

Coniferous forests are composed mainly of evergreen trees with needles for leaves, such as pine, fir, spruce, and larch. Coniferous forests are found in the subalpine zone above 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and in the northern part of the peninsula, where the climate is cold and dry. Coniferous forests provide timber, resin, and medicinal products for human use. They also serve as habitats for many animals, such as bears, deer, lynx, and cranes. Coniferous forests cover about 37% of the total forest area in South Korea, and they emit various terpenes, which are aromatic organic compounds that have beneficial effects on human health. The study also found that the terpene composition in different coniferous forests depends on the dominant plant species, the environmental factors, and the age of the trees. Some of the most common terpenes detected in Korean coniferous forests are alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, limonene, myrcene, and camphene.

DECIDUOUS FORESTS

Deciduous forests are composed of broadleaf trees that lose their leaves in winter, such as oak, maple, birch, beech, and chestnut. Deciduous forests are found in the temperate zone between 800 m (2,600 ft) and 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and in the southern part of the peninsula, where the climate is mild and humid. Deciduous forests provide food, fuel, and furniture for human use. They also serve as habitats for many animals, such as squirrels, foxes, woodpeckers, and pheasants. The Central Korean deciduous forests are a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion that occupies the central portion of the Korean Peninsula. They are bounded by the Southern Korea evergreen forests on the south and the Manchurian mixed forests on the north. The ecoregion covers an area of 103,721 km² (40,047 sq. mi) and includes portions of both South Korea and North Korea. The climate of the ecoregion is temperate and generally humid, with average annual rainfall exceeding 1000 mm. Summers are humid and rainy, while winters are dry and cold. The temperature varies from south to north and from low to high elevations. The natural vegetation of the ecoregion is deciduous broadleaf forest, with conifers predominating in recently-disturbed areas and at higher elevations. The predominant trees vary from south to north, but some common species include oaks (Quercus spp.), maples (Acer spp.), hornbeams (Carpinus spp.), birches (Betula spp.), ashes (Fraxinus spp.), walnuts (Juglans spp.), elms (Ulmus spp.), willows (Salix spp.), and firs (Abies spp.). The ecoregion also hosts many endemic or rare plants, such as the Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis), the Korean fir (Abies koreana), the Korean rhododendron (Rhododendron mucronulatum), and the Korean edelweiss (Leontopodium coreanum).

MIXED FORESTS

Mixed forests are composed of both coniferous and deciduous trees, creating a diverse and complex vegetation structure. Mixed forests are found in the warm-temperate zone between 400 m (1,300 ft) and 800 m (2,600 ft) and in the central part of the peninsula, where the climate is moderate and variable. Mixed forests provide a variety of products and services for human use. They also serve as habitats for many animals, such as goral, musk deer, otter, and spoonbill. The Southern Korea evergreen forests is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion at the southern end of the Korean Peninsula.

IMPORTANT FORESTS OF KOREA

Korea, both North and South, is home to several important forests that are ecologically significant and provide habitat for various plant and animal species. Here are some of the important forests in Korea:

1) Jirisan National Park (지리산국립공원): Located in the southern part of South Korea, Jirisan is the largest national park in the country. It's known for its diverse plant and animal life, including endangered species.

2) Seoraksan National Park (설악산국립공원): Situated in the northeastern part of South Korea, Seoraksan is renowned for its stunning landscapes, lush forests, and unique rock formations. It is also a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

3) Baekdudaegan (백두대간): This mountain range runs along the Korean Peninsula and is a crucial ecological corridor for various species. It's a vital natural feature for conservation efforts.

4) Songnisan National Park (속리산국립공원): Located in central South Korea, Songnisan is known for its dense forests and rugged terrain. The park is home to numerous plant and animal species.

5) Demilitarized Zone (DMZ): The DMZ separating North and South Korea has inadvertently become an important area for wildlife conservation due to its lack of human interference. It is home to several endangered species and is considered a unique ecosystem.

6) Kwangneung Arboretum (광릉수목원): Located in North Korea, this arboretum is known for its extensive collection of trees and plants. It serves as a research and conservation center for various species.

7) Mt. Paektu (Changbai) Biosphere Reserve: Located on the border between North Korea and China, this area is known for its pristine forests and is considered a significant site for biodiversity conservation.

8) Mudeungsan Provincial Park (무등산도립공원): Located in South Korea, Mudeungsan is known for its unique rock formations, lush forests, and diverse wildlife.

10)Hallasan National Park (한라산국립공원): This national park is located on Jeju Island, South Korea, and is home to diverse ecosystems, including subtropical forests.

These forests are not only important for conservation of healthy environment but also for recreational and cultural purposes. They offer opportunities for hiking, wildlife observation, and connecting with the natural heritage of the Korean Peninsula. Please note that the political situation between North and South Korea may affect access to some of these areas.

FLORA AND FAUNA

The flora and fauna of Korea can be divided into three main regions based on the distribution of plants: warm-temperate forest, cool-temperate forest and sub-alpine or sub-boreal forest. Each region has its own characteristic vegetation and wildlife.

The warm-temperate forest region covers the narrow subtropical belt along the southern coast and on Jeju Island. This region has evergreen broad-leaved forests that include camellias, camphor trees, citrus plants and hibiscus syriacus (the national flower of South Korea). The fauna of this region includes Korean water deer, raccoon dogs, weasels, badgers and various species of birds and fish. Forest cover type and tree species include broad-leaved deciduous forests, conifer and deciduous mixed forests, and pine forests : evergreen broad-leaved trees, Camellia japonica, etc.

North Latitude: Below 35°

Annual Mean Temperature: Above 14℃

The cool-temperate forest region covers most of the Korean Peninsula, except for the high mountains and the southern coast. This region has deciduous broad-leaved and coniferous forests that include oaks, maples, alders, zelkovas, birches, pines and spruces. The fauna of this region includes Korean hare, Korean field mouse, Korean brown frog, common pheasant, migratory waterfowl and cranes, marten and antelopes. Forest cover type and tree species include mostly pine forests but a few broad-leaved deciduous forests: deciduous broad-leaved trees, oak trees, pine trees, bamboos, etc.

North Latitude: Between 35° and 43° except for alpine regions

Annual Mean Temperature: ranges from 5 and 14℃

The subalpine or sub-boreal forest region covers the high mountains above 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in elevation. This region has alpine plants that are adapted to cold and windy conditions. Some examples are rhododendrons, gentians, edelweiss and lilies. The fauna of this region is scarce and includes Korean taimen (a large freshwater fish), black shiner (an endemic fish), Korean skate (an endemic marine fish) and Korean rockfish (another endemic marine fish). Forest cover type and tree species include mixed forests : spruce trees, Korean pines, etc.

North Latitude: Uplands and Alpine regions

Annual Mean Temperature: Below 5℃

PINE FORESTS

Exploring the centuries-long relationship between Korean people and the red pine, it highlights the vital role this tree plays in their culture and history. Korean red pines can be seen in front of the Korean president's office at Cheong Wa Dae (청와대) and around the royal tombs of the Joseon Kingdom, serving as cultural symbols. The ancient Koreans held red pines in high regard, even bestowing esteemed government ranks on select trees, underlining their practical and spiritual significance. These trees played pivotal roles in constructing iconic landmarks such as royal palaces, turtle ships, and the creation of Joseon white porcelain pottery. Beyond their botanical nature, pines symbolized essential virtues and left a lasting impact on the Korean psyche. Despite historical challenges like Japanese colonial exploitation and illegal logging, red pine forests still cover 23 percent of South Korea's wooded areas, making them a prevalent and enduring element of the Korean landscape. A deep understanding of the pine's significance is crucial for grasping Korean culture.

HISTORY OF FORESTRY IN KOREA

By around 6000 B.C., climate in northeast Asia was characterized by frequent and excessive rainfalls, which resulted in the wide spread of deciduous tree species including oak, willow, hornbeam and elm. Later, gradual decline in temperature with reduced precipitation favored conifers. The distribution of pines began around 3000 B.C. and 2000 B.C. respectively in the southern and central parts of the country.

Along with climate changes, introduction of agriculture and population growth from 4000 B.C. led to the condition ideal for great dominance of pines. In around 100 B.C. deforestation for creating more croplands was prevalent, and forests were cleared over many centuries to be used as fuel, building materials and firewood until the 13th century. Historical documents recorded quite a lot of pine plantations but only few about broad-leaved tree plantations.

It was not until the Joseon Dynasty that forest plantation and management were systematically implemented. The annals of the Joseon Dynasty documented a number of pine plantations. However, a worrying pace of deforestation continued due to wars and land conversion to cropland. Under Japanese colonization in the early 20th century, forests were excessively overused and devastated, and the total wood harvest approximated 500 million m³. The growing stock decreased significantly from 700 million m³ to 200 million m³ over the colonial period of 1910 to 1945. Besides the Korean War from 1950 to 1953 also caused more degradation of forests as the result of excessive cutting. The devastated forests led to serious social and environmental problems like lack of fuel, severe floods and droughts.

The history of forestry in Korea is a story of both destruction and restoration. Korea was once covered with rich old-growth forests, but they were severely degraded by over-cutting, wars, and land conversion over centuries. However, since the 1960s, Korea has made remarkable efforts to recover its forests through strong policies, public participation, and international cooperation. Here are some of the main events and achievements in the history of forestry in Korea:

• In the 19th century, Korean forests were rich old-growth forests. However, these forests were destroyed by over-cutting during the Japanese occupation (1910~1945). The Japanese exploited the Korean forests for timber and fuel, and exported most of the wood to Japan or other countries. The growing stock decreased significantly from 700 million m³ to 200 million m3 over the colonial period. 
• The Korean War (1950~1953) also caused more degradation of forests as a result of excessive cutting for fuel and military purposes. The war left the country with bare hills and mountains, and serious social and environmental problems like lack of fuel, severe floods and droughts. The forest cover rate dropped to 35% by the end of the war.
• In the late 1960s, the South Korean government launched strong forest protection policies and declared illegal logging a serious crime. The government also initiated a national forestation campaign from 1973 to 1986, which mobilized millions of people to plant trees on barren lands. The campaign was supported by various incentives, such as tax exemptions, subsidies, loans, and awards for forest owners and workers.
• The reforestation of degraded land following the Korean War in the early 1950s occurred mostly as a result of natural vegetation recovery. However, the artificial plantations that were established during the national forestation campaign contributed to increasing the forest area and volume in the later years. The forest cover rate increased to 64% by 1987, and the growing stock increased to 500 million m³ by 2005.
• Since the 1990s, Korea has shifted its focus from quantity to quality of forests, and adopted sustainable forest management practices. The government has also promoted various forest functions, such as recreation, conservation, education, and culture. Korea has established many national parks, natural monuments, biosphere reserves, and world heritage sites to protect its biodiversity and cultural heritage.
• Korea has also been actively involved in international forest cooperation, especially with developing countries in Asia and Africa. Korea has shared its experience and expertise in forest restoration and development with other countries through bilateral and multilateral projects, such as developing overseas forest resources, providing international training courses and research support, and participating in desertification prevention projects.

BAEKDU-DAEGAN MOUNTAINS

The Baekdu-daegan Mountains are the primary mountain range in the Korean Peninsula, extending 1,400 km from North Korea's Mt. Baekdu to South Korea's Mt. Jiri. This range is the backbone of the peninsula and is known for its cultural and ecological significance. Mt. Jiri, the tallest mainland South Korean mountain, is located in Jirisan National Park and is renowned for its diverse legends and myths.

The Baekdudaegan forest, covering a vast area along this mountain range, is characterized by a continental and monsoonal climate with four distinct seasons. Its diverse vegetation includes subalpine, temperate, warm-temperate, and subtropical zones. The forest is also home to a rich variety of fauna, including rare and endemic species.

The Baekdudaegan forest serves as a crucial water source, a natural barrier against disasters, and a repository of Korean cultural heritage. However, human activities like logging, mining, and urbanization pose significant threats to its biodiversity and ecosystem services. Efforts to protect and restore the forest include establishing protected areas, sustainable forest management, ecological restoration, environmental education, and cross-border cooperation between North and South Korea.

FOREST AND CULTURE RESEARCH SOCIETY

The Forest and Culture Research Society was formed in 1992 to promote the study of forest culture in Korea. Forest culture is a term that refers to the mental and physical benefits of forests, as well as the overall lifestyle formed by the interaction between forests and humans. Forest culture can be divided into tangible and intangible forest cultural assets, such as woodworking, historical records, legends, and folk songs.

The Korea Forest Service has a Forest Culture Division that is responsible for enhancing the uniqueness of Korean culture through forest cultural assets. The Korea Forest Service also operates the Korea National Arboretum, which is located in Gwangneung (광릉) forest, a royal forest that surrounded the tomb of King Sejo of the Joseon dynasty. The arboretum houses 15 specialized plant gardens, a Forest Museum, a Herbarium, and a Seed Bank. It also conducts research on plant systematics, biological interactions, conservation gene resources, and horticulture. The arboretum was designated as a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 2010.

The Korea Forest Service also provides forest recreation and culture facilities to help people enjoy the benefits of forests and appreciate their importance and value. One example is the arboretum, which conserves and multiplies genetic resources of rare plants and native species of trees and provides nature study fields. Another example is the Geumgang (금강) Pine plantation, which is created and managed by the Korea Forest Service and the Cultural Heritage Administration to provide high-quality lumber for restoring, maintaining, and repairing traditional cultural properties.

A JOURNEY OF LEGAL COMMITMENT

Over millennia, the climate shift in northeast Asia, marked by frequent rains around 6000 B.C., catalyzed the flourishing of deciduous trees. The subsequent transition to conifers, particularly pines, around 3000-2000 B.C., owed its emergence to changing environmental conditions, agricultural practices, and population growth. The subsequent centuries witnessed a relentless deforestation wave to make way for croplands and address various societal needs, only mitigated during the Joseon Dynasty. Yet, the 20th century brought a dire period, with Japanese colonization causing extensive forest depletion. In response, South Korea initiated state-led rehabilitation projects and developed comprehensive legal frameworks, which eventually led to international recognition and commendation for their successful reforestation endeavors, particularly noted by UNEP's Achim Steiner in 2008.

THE EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH KOREA

The evolution of sustainable forest management (SFM) in South Korea is marked by significant legislative milestones that underscore the nation's commitment to environmental conservation and responsible forest stewardship.

The foundation of this journey can be traced back to the 1994 Amendment to the Forest Law, a pivotal moment when South Korea embarked on the path towards SFM. Within this amendment, Article 16 emerged as a beacon of change, outlining the regulatory responsibilities entrusted to the Korea Forest Service. These regulations were designed to catalyze the promotion of sustainable forest management, thereby instigating a paradigm shift in the nation's approach to its forests.

The pivotal year 2001 bore witness to the emergence of the 'Framework Act on Forest,' a legislative masterpiece that supplanted the earlier Forest Law. This transformative legislation not only embraced the core tenet of sustainable forest management but also introduced a visionary framework replete with comprehensive assessment criteria and indicators. These critical elements served as guideposts, illuminating the path to responsible and sustainable forest management practices.

The journey towards sustainable forest management in South Korea reached a critical juncture with the Fourth National Forest Plan (1998-2007), which laid the groundwork for responsible forest stewardship. Building upon the achievements of this pivotal plan, the Korea Forest Service (KFS) crafted the Fifth National Forest Plan (2008-2017). This visionary blueprint aspires to transform the nation into a Sustainable Green Welfare Nation through the diligent practice of sustainable forest management.

In conclusion, South Korea's remarkable journey towards sustainable forest management, catalyzed by a changing climate, centuries of deforestation, and the challenges of the 20th century, is a testament to the nation's dedication to environmental conservation. Through legal policies and comprehensive plans, South Korea has emerged as a global leader in reforestation and responsible forest stewardship, demonstrating the potential for positive environmental change through dedicated legislation and collective commitment to sustainable practices.

THE XV WORLD FORESTRY CONGRESS

The World Forestry Congress, organized by FAO and held every six years, is the largest and most significant gathering of the forest sector. It aims to discuss global issues relating to forests and the environment, such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and desertification, and to develop solutions utilizing forests. The event was hosted by the Republic of Korea in the year 2022, from 2nd to 6th May. The Congress was originally scheduled for May of 2021, but postponed due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

One of the primary achievements was the Seoul Forest Declaration, which was created by the Republic of Korea, the host nation. The Declaration made clear that different organizations and stakeholders should share future sustainable forest management responsibilities. Additionally, it was said that finance for sustainable forest management needed to be established, along with the need to create new collaborations like the AFFIRM Mechanism, SAFE project, and REDD+.

The XV World Forestry Congress held in Korea marked the largest attendance in the WFC's history. The KFS hopes to take the lead in making a sustainable green future that was discussed in the congress and in building close partnerships with forest officials around the world.

THE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL FORESTS

Cultural forests in Korea are influenced by human activities and hold significant cultural value. Non-cultural forests are in their natural state. Many Korean forests are cultural due to historical and ecological significance. The Society for Forests and Culture (SFC) published a book about 100 significant Korean forests, categorizing them by themes and features. This effort aims to make information about these forests accessible to visitors from other countries and to showcase their cultural and ecological importance.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Korea's diverse forests, including coniferous, deciduous, and mixed varieties, play a crucial role in biodiversity and cultural heritage. South Korea's journey in forestry history involves degradation and impressive restoration efforts with a focus on sustainable forest management, earning international recognition.

The XV World Forestry Congress in 2022 emphasized shared responsibilities and financial support for sustainable forest management. Cultural forests in Korea showcase the historical and ecological significance of human-influenced forests, with ongoing efforts to promote their importance.

Sources:

• https://english.forest.go.kr/kfsweb/kfs/subIdx/Index.do?mn=UENG
• https://blog.naver.com/kuhminsa/222579092986
• http://eng.me.go.kr/eng/web/main.do
• https://folkency.nfm.go.kr/main
• https://www.kotra.or.kr/english/index.do
• https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/central-korean-deciduous-forests/
• https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Central_Korean_deciduous_forests
• https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/southern-korea-evergreen-forests/
• https://jecoenv.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41610-017-0038-z
• https://fowi.or.kr/user/eng/forestCulture.do
• https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/8/692/htm
• https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2023/10/135_58711.html#:~:text=''The%20pine%20was%20more,were%20based%20on%20pine%20trees

AEMP Article File:

Topic : What is Charye?

Writer : Palak Doshi (WB4)

Academic Field of Study : Humanities and Social Science - Culture & Lifestyle

Short Introduction: This article is about Charye, which is a Korean Tradition performed during the biggest festivals, Seollal & Chuseok. 

What is Charye?

Charye is a traditional Korean memorial service performed during significant holidays such as Seollal (Lunar New Year's Day) and Chuseok (Korean Thanksgiving Day) to honor and show gratitude to one's ancestors.

When is Charye performed?

Charye was historically conducted on the first and fifteenth days of each month, as well as during traditional holidays. However, in modern times, it is mainly observed during Seollal and Chuseok. The timing of the service has shifted from early morning to later in the day to accommodate family members traveling from afar.

For whom is Charye performed?

The Charye ceremony is typically performed for the most recent four generations of ancestors, which includes great-great-grandparents. An additional ritual known as Sije is held to honor ancestors from five or more generations back.

Who performs Charye & Where is it held?

The responsibility for hosting Charye falls to the family's eldest son and, in the absence of the eldest son, the head of the household. The location of the ceremony varies based on the presence of a family shrine or the layout of the house.

What are the preparations for Charye?

Before the Charye ritual, there are several preparations to be made. Four sets of tablet stands, ritual tables, and ritual vessels are arranged for each of the four generations being honored. Offerings of seasonal special dishes, such as tteokguk (sliced rice cake soup) during Seollal and songpyeon (half-moon rice cakes) during Chuseok, are placed on the ritual table. Other dishes are similar to those prepared for Gijesa, an annual memorial service commemorating the ancestors' death anniversaries.

The Charye table setup is similar to Gijesa but may include skewered meat, fish, and chicken on one plate. Additionally, during Seollal, tteokguk replaces rice and soup, and tteok (rice cakes) can be substituted with songpyeon during Chuseok.

The Charye ceremony is a meticulous and structured process, consisting of several steps:

1. Jinseol: Arrangement of food, cups, spoons, chopsticks, and other items on the ritual table for each generation.

2. Chulju: The removal of ritual tablets from the shrine (if applicable).

3. Gangsin: Inviting the ancestral spirit by burning incense and offering a cup of liquor.

4. Chamsin: Participants making bows to the ancestral tablets.

5. Jinchan: Placing the food on the table, ensuring it doesn't cool.

6. Heonjak: Offering a cup to the ancestral tablets.

7. Gyebansapsi: Opening the rice bowl, inserting a spoon, and placing the chopsticks.

8. Hapmun: All participants leave the room, close the door or use a folding screen, and lie face down.

9. Gyemun: After a few minutes, the eldest son coughs three times, signaling everyone to return.

10. Cheolsibokban: Putting away the spoon and chopsticks and closing the rice bowl's lid.

11. Sasin: Sending the invited spirits back to the spirit world.

12. Napju: Returning ancestral tablets to the shrine's tabernacle (or burning paper tablets).

13. Cheolsang: Clearing the Charye table and returning ritual objects to the shrine.

14. Eumbok: The host and attendants partake in the sacrificial food and drink while lauding their ancestors' virtue.

During Seollal and Chuseok, specific dishes are offered on the Charye table, and the arrangement follows traditional principles, like placing fish in the east and meat in the west. The specific dishes may vary by region and family but often include items like jujubes, chestnuts, pears, and persimmons.

Charye holds cultural significance in Korean traditions, serving as a means to express reverence and gratitude to one's ancestors during important holidays.

Source :

1. https://www.nfm.go.kr/english/subIndex/1046.do 

AEMP Project Draft :